Reconstruction of Political Dogmas: A Critical Discourse Study of Political Pages on Facebook
Main Article Content
Abstract
Propagation of ideology through political discourse has been employed by the statesmen since a long time. The emergence of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has made exposition of hidden ideologies in the political discourse. This theory supports to explain the discourse from micro to macro level with the linguistics and semiotic features. The present study is also taken in regard to analyze the political postings on social media to expose the political discourse hidden in text and semiotics especially after the emergence of elections 2018 and its social influence in political ideology construction. The political discourse analysis (PDA) has wide range of explaining the hidden messages, ideology construction and deconstruction. The researcher selected ten posts from political pages of ruling party PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) and PML-N (Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz) with opposite ideologies and 05 posts from public figure page Baba Koda. The adopted models of CDA are of Fairclough (2009) and Van Dijik (2010) for the analysis of the posts. The results describe that the discourse used on Facebook is highly pragmatic in which political ideologies are deconstructing by using different terms according to situation as price increasing, corruption, illegal use of power, poor administration and foreign relations etc. This type of discourse attempts to catch the people’s attention towards certain types of thoughts in the legitimated way as the speakers are well-wishers of the public while the resistance is being shown by the public figure page in the language of common man but full of similes and exemplifications.
Article Details
References
Amedie, J. (2015). The impact of Social Media on Society. Santa Clara University.
Aronson, E.,. (2012). Social psychology (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Boyd, D.M & Ellison, N. B. (2011) 'Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship'
Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 13(1), Retrieved on June 11,2020, Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue11/boyd.ellison.html.
Bryan, V.(2006). Information Technology Management. Florida Atlantic University.
Caldas-Coulthard, C. & Coulthard, M. (Eds.). (1996). Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis. London: Routledge.
Cap, P. (2006). Legitimisation in Political Discourse: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective on the Modern US War Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar publishers.
Chilton, P. A. & Schaffner, C. (2002). Politics as text and talk: analytic approaches to political discourse. John Benjamins: Amsterdam.
Chilton, P., & Schäffner, C. (Eds.). (2002). Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture (Vol. 4). Amsterdam Philadelphi: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Retrieved on June 10, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.4.
Conley, J. M., & O‟Barr, W. M. (1990). Rules versus relationships: The ethnography of legal discourse. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Dalton, R. J. & Wattenberg, M. P. (2000). Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford University Press. Oxford and New York.
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. Continuum. Fairclough, N. (1992). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language (1st edn.).
London: Longman.
Fairclough, N. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Longman. Fairclough, N. (1999). New Labour, new language? London: Routledge.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical language awareness. Longman: London.
Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis. In T. A. Van Dijk (Ed.),
Discourse as Social Interaction: Discourse Studies 2 (A Multidisciplinary Introduction). London: Sage.
Gay, L, R. (2012). Educational Research. Florida International University.
Hamrita, M. (2016). A Critical Discourse Analysis of the representation of Islamists on
Facebook pages in the post-revolution Tunisia. Philology and Cultural Studies. 9(58). 5- 20
IMAGE 1-20. Retrieved on July 10, 2020, Retrieved from https://web.facebook.com/PTIOfficial/.
IMAGE 21-40. Retrieved on July 10, 2020, Retrieved from https://web.facebook.com/pml.n.official/.
IMAGE 41-50. Retrieved on July 10, 2020, Retrieved from https://web.facebook.com/Baba-Kodda.
Janks, H. (2006). Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool. Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 18(3). 329-342.
Johnson, W. D. & Johnson, T. R. (2008). Civil Political Disocurse in a Democricsy: The
Contribution of Psychology. Peace & Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 6(4). 291- 317.
Jorgensen, M. & Phillips, L. (2002). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: SAGE Publications.
Karamat, A., Farooq, A. (2016). Emerging role of social media in political activism: Perceptions and practices. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies. 31 (4). 381-396.
Machin,D. & A. Mayr, A. (2012). How to do critical discourse analysis: A multimodal introduction. Sage: London, UK.
Meister, D. (2001). Practice what you preach. New York: Free Press.
Paul. 1985. Language and the nuclear arms debate: nukespeak today. London: Pinter.
Reggie, N. (2015). Social Media and the new Struggles of Young People against marginalization: a challenge to missional ecclesiology in Southern Africa. African Journal of Research Studies. 1(2). 511-530.
Saussure, F. de. (1916). Course de Linguistique Generale. Paris: Payot.
Sutkute, R. (2016). Social Media as a tool of resistance or a new form of slacktivism. Sage.
Van Dijik, A. T. (2006). Ideology and Discourse Analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies. 11 (2). 115-140.
Van Dijk, T. (1998c). What is Political Discourse Analysis? In J. Blommaert & C. Bbulcae (Eds.), Discourse and society, (pp. 11-52).
Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. London: Sage.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). Ideology and discourse. A multidisciplinary introduction. Internet
Course for the Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). Retrieved on June 10, 2020 from http://www.discourse-in society.org/ideo-dis2.htm
Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). Parliamentary Debates. In R. Wodak & T. A. van Dijk (Eds.), Racism at
the Top. Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European States. (pp. 45-78).
Klagenfurt, Austria: Drava Verlag.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). „Political discourse and political cognition‟. In P.A. Chilton and C.
Schäffner (eds.) Politics as text and talk: Analytic approaches to political discourse. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 204-236.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2002). Political discourse and political cognition. Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic Approaches to Political Discourse. London; New York: Routledge.
Van Dijk, T.A. (1991). Racism and the Press. London; New York: Routledge. Van Dijk, T.A. (1993a). Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Van Dijk, T.A. (1993b). Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society. 4(2).
-83.
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998c). Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: Sage.
Werth, P. (1999). Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse. London: Longman. Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2008). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London: Sage.
Wodak, R. (1995). Critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis. The handbook of
pragmatics, ed. by Jef Vershueren, Jan-Ola Ostman, Jan Blommeart and Chris Bulcean. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Wodak, R. (2008). Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis: A cross-disciplinary enquiry.
Pragmatics and Cognition. 15(1). 203-225.
Wodak, R. (2009). Politics as Usual – The Construction and Representation of Politics in Action. Basingstoke. Palgrave.
Wodak, R.( 2001). The discourse-historical approach. Methods of critical discourse analysis, ed. by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, 95–120. London: Sage.
Zappavigna, M. (2011). Ambient Affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter. Journal of New
Media and Society. 13 (5). 788-806.